The exact cause of bladder cancer is not known. But studies have shown that these cancers have multiple risk factors, namely:
- Age, the risk of bladder increases with age.
- Smoking is a major risk factor.
- Work environment, some workers have a higher risk of developing this cancer because of its place works found carcinogenic substances (cancer-causing).
- Race, white people have a 2 times greater risk, there is the smallest risk among Asians.
- Men, are at risk 2 - 3kali greater.
- Family history, people whose family is suffering from bladder cancer have a higher risk of developing this cancer. Researchers are studying the change of certain genes that may increase the risk of this cancer.
Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Bladder Cancer
1. Acute Pain
related to:
- disease process (suppression / destruction of nerve tissue, nerve supply system infiltration, nerve pathway obstruction, inflammation),
- side effects of cancer therapy
- clients say pain,
- clients have difficulty sleeping,
- not able to focus, expressions of pain, weakness.
- Clients are able to control pain through activity.
- Reported experiencing pain.
- Following treatment program.
- Demonstrate techniques of relaxation and diversion of pain through activity.
- Determine history of pain, location, duration and intensity.
- Evaluation of therapy: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biotherapy, teach the client and family about how to deal with.
- Give diversion such as repositioning and fun activities such as listening to music or watching TV.
- Encourage stress management techniques (relaxation techniques, visualization, guidance), happy, and provide therapeutic touch.
- Evaluation of pain, provide treatment if necessary.
- Discuss pain management with doctor and also with clients.
- Give analgesics as indicated.
Rational:
- Provide the necessary information for planning care.
- To determine the appropriate therapy is carried out or not, or even cause complications.
- To improve the comfort of the clients distract from pain.
- Improving self-control over side effects by lowering stress and anxiety.
- To determine the effectiveness of pain management, pain levels and to the extent the client is able to withstand, and to investigate the needs of the client will be anti-pain medication.
- In order for a given targeted therapy.
- To cope with the pain.
2. Anxiety
related to:
- crisis situations (cancer),
- changes in health,
- socio-economic,
- roles and functions,
- forms of interaction,
- preparation for death,
- separation of the family
characterized by:
- increase in tension,
- fatigue,
- express awkwardness role,
- feeling dependent,
- inadequate ability to help themselves,
- sympathetic stimulation.
- Clients can relieve anxiety.
- Relax and be able to see themselves objectively.
- Demonstrate effective coping and able to participate in treatment.
- Determine the client's previous experience of the illness.
- Provide accurate information about prognosis.
- Give the client a chance to express anger, fear, confrontation. Give the information with reasonable emotions and expressions appropriate.
- Explain the treatment, the purpose and side effects. Help clients prepare for the treatment.
- Record ineffective coping as less social interaction, lack of empowerment, etc..
- Encourage to develop interaction with the support system.
- Provide a quiet and comfortable environment.
- Maintain contact with clients, talk and touch with the fair.
- Data about previous client experience will provide a basis for extension and avoid duplication.
- Provision of information to assist clients in understanding the disease process.
- Can reduce client anxiety.
- Assist the client in understanding the need for treatment and side effects.
- Knowing and explore coping patterns and handle client / provide solutions in an effort to improve the strength in overcoming anxiety.
- So that clients receive support from the closest person / family.
- Give the client a chance to think / contemplate / break.
- Clients gain confidence and belief that he really helped.
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